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1. Unbalanced sample size: an unbalanced sample size exists when the size of the sample has not been properly selected in relation to the size of the population. This can lead to bias in the results.
2. Incomplete coverage: incomplete coverage exists when not all units of the population are included in the sample, which may result in under- or over-representation of certain characteristics.
3. Non-random sampling: In non-random sampling, the elements of the population are not randomly selected, potentially biasing the results.
4. Unpredictable results: If the sample is not large enough, the results cannot be reliably predicted.